1. Nutrients: Plants need essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and others to grow and thrive. These nutrients are derived from the decomposition of organic matter in the soil.
2. Water: Water is essential for transporting nutrients to the plant, maintaining cell turgor pressure, and facilitating photosynthesis. Soil holds water and makes it available to the plant roots.
3. Air: Plant roots need oxygen for respiration, which is vital for energy production. Soil with good aeration allows for the exchange of gases, ensuring sufficient oxygen supply to the roots.